氮素水平与光强互作对‘蓝伞’玉簪生长和光合特性的影响

 以蓝灰类型玉簪‘蓝伞’（Hosta 'Blue Umbrella'）为材料，研究了4种光强（自然光照的100%、50%、30%、10%）和4种氮素水平（盆栽土施尿素量0、0.5、1.5和2.5 g·kg^-1）处理对玉簪生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明：‘蓝伞’玉簪的生长和光合特性受光强、氮素水平以及光氮互作的影响。在同一氮素水平下，随着光照强度的减弱，玉簪的生物量、叶面积、叶片数、光合速率及可溶性蛋白含量均表现先上升后下降的趋势，在30%～50%光强下达到最大值；叶绿素含量则随光强的减弱而增加。在同一光照强度下，随着氮素水平的升高，玉簪的生物量、叶面积、叶片数、光合速率及叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势，在0.5 g·kg^-1氮素水平下达到最大值。     

坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响

张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。     

Catecholamine and cortisol responses of horses to incremental exertion

The responses of the plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol in horses to varied relative intensities of exertion were examined. The plasma concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine increased significantly (p<0.05) with exertion. The plasma cortisol concentrations at relative work intensities of 48.3%±1.4%, 82.3%±2.0% and 99.6%±0.4% of VO_2max were 114%, 124%, and 126%, respectively, of those at rest, whereas the plasma epinephrine concentrations were 239%, 772% and 3483%, and the norepinephrine concentrations were 138%, 255%, and 1121% of the values at rest. There was a significant (p<0.0001) relationship between the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The blood lactate concentration and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly (p<0.0001) related, as were the relative work intensity (%VO_2max) and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The relationships between the plasma cortisol concentration and work intensity or blood lactate concentration were not significant (p>0.05). This study demonstrates a relationship between relative work intensity and indicators of adrenal medullary and sympathetic activity during brief exertion in horses.     

城乡融合对农业碳排放强度的影响研究北大核心CSCD

发挥城乡融合对农业碳排放强度的抑制作用,对促进农村绿色低碳转型以及助力农业农村现代化具有重要的现实意义。本文基于城乡融合发展理论,利用2005—2020年30个省(市、区)面板数据,采用经典面板模型分析城乡融合对农业碳排放强度的影响,并探讨了其作用机制和异质性。结果表明,全国和三大区域(东、中、西部地区)的城乡融合发展水平呈持续上升趋势,而农业碳排放强度则呈显著下降趋势,两者之间的波动趋势呈相反态势。城乡融合对农业碳排放强度具有显著的负向影响。基于地理区位和粮食生产地区分析,城乡融合对东部地区和粮食主产区的农业碳排放强度抑制作用更为明显;城乡融合通过提高农业技术进步和农业规模化经营来抑制农业碳排放强度。为此,积极推动精准的城乡融合政策,加强农业技术进步和农业规模化经营,重视城乡融合减排效应的差异性,是实现降低农业碳排放强度的关键方向。     

不同光照条件对浮游植物生物量与多样性的影响

通过构建光照强度与浮游植物生物量和群落结构特征参数的关系曲线,为三峡水库水华预测预报模型的构建提供基础数据,同时也为水库调度的方案提供理论依据。基于三峡水库野外原位观测数据的分析结果,针对性设计不同梯度光照强度下浮游植物的生长演替规律室内控制实验。结果表明:(1)光照是影响浮游植物生物量和多样性的关键要素,光照强度0~4 500 lx,浮游植物的生物量随着光照强度的增加而增加,在光照强度为4 500 lx时,浮游植物生物量达到最大,但光强超过4 500 lx之后,浮游植物的生物量随着光照强度的增加而减少;光照强度0~1 500 lx,浮游植物群落多样性随着光强的增加而增加,在光照强度为1 500 lx时,浮游植物群落多样性达到最大;光照强度1 500~4 500 lx,浮游植物群落多样性随着光照强度的增加而减少;当光强超过4 500 lx,浮游植物群落多样性随着光照强度的增加而增加;(2)从制定三峡水库生态调度方案的角度来看,当光照强度在1 500 lx时,浮游植物生物量达到最低,此时其群落多样性达到最大,为最佳的调度方案光照参数;(3)浮游植物生物量(y)与光照强度(x)的关系为:y=2×10~(-8)x~3-5×10~(-4)x~2+3.1923x-122.92(R~2=0.934,P0.01),两者极显著相关;多样性指数(y)与光照强度(x)的关系式为:y=2×10~(-12)x~3-3×10~(-8)x~2+10~(-4)x+0.3266(R~2=0.554,P0.01),两者极显著相关。     

流水和静水条件下鲢幼鱼对不同强度光源的趋性行为研究

结合鱼类的集群行为,探究了在流水和静水处理下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼的光强偏好。实验流速工况设置包括静水和流水(流速为0.1m/s),光强水平设置为0、10、20、40、70、110lx,并依次进行了实验对象的个体(1尾)实验和群体(5尾)实验。结果显示:(1)个体流水处理在不同光照度水平下的吸引率和排斥率均无显著性差异(P0.05),但个体静水处理20lx和110lx组的光吸引率显著大于40lx和70lx组(P0.05),其他均无显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同流速和实验鱼数量下的光吸引率,由高到低依次为群体流水处理、群体静水处理、个体流水处理、个体静水处理。光排斥率由高到低依次为个体静水处理、个体流水处理、群体静水处理、群体流水处理。研究表明,一定水流速度能够刺激鲢幼鱼趋流,从而提高光的吸引作用,且群体的趋光性要强于个体;(3)流水处理下,鲢幼鱼的最近邻距离(DNN,群体紧凑程度指标)随光强的增大,先减小后增大,集群程度先升高后降低,其中,70lx水平对应的DNN显著高于0lx(F=1.489,P0.05),而静水处理下各光强水平对应的实验鱼DNN无显著性差异(P0.05),集群行为无明显变化。     

水体光照强度的变化对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响

近年来,我国淡水湖泊富营养化现象日益严重,藻类大量生长导致水体光照强度减弱,水生植物严重衰退。为了解水体光照强度减弱对生活在沿岸带草丛中的浮游甲壳动物分布情况的影响,本研究于2015年5月至2015年11月在水族箱中通过移植苦草并覆盖不同层黑色遮阳布来建立4个光照梯度（L1- L4）,其透光率分别是40.5%、17.1%、7.1%和2.8%,来模拟自然条件下沿岸带浮游甲壳动物群落对低光压力的响应,分析了水体理化指标、苦草和浮游甲壳动物群落结构变化。结果表明：（1）从不同的光照处理来看,浮游甲壳动物生物量随光照强度减弱而减少,其平均值分别是1.27 mg/L、0.99 mg/L、0.95 mg/L和0.45 mg/L,丰度和多样性也随光照强度减弱逐渐降低;（2）与其他3个处理组相比,L4组中除了锯缘真剑水蚤相对生物量百分比从5%升高到25%,其他种类都有所下降,其中晶莹仙达溞从50%降至9%;（3）浮游甲壳动物的平均生物量在秋季（1.28 mg/L）大于夏季（0.54 mg/L）,而夏季（83.79 ind./L）平均丰度大于秋季（53.59 ind./L）。统计分析表明浮游甲壳动物群落结构变化与光照强度和苦草生长引起的水体理化的变化显著正相关,主要是溶解氧和pH值。     

喀斯特地区坡面不同土地利用方式水土流失及磷素输出对次降雨特征的响应

为探究喀斯特地区坡面不同土地利用方式下水土流失及磷素输出对次降雨特征的响应,对喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式(水保林、耕地、自然草地、裸地、经果林)坡面场次降雨的水土流失和磷素输出进行了分析。结果表明:5种土地利用方式的径流系数由大到小整体表现为裸地自然草地耕地水保林经果林,而单位面积产沙量、单位面积磷流失量整体表现为耕地裸地经果林水保林自然草地。其中耕地和裸地在大雨量、高强度降雨事件的影响下径流系数、单位面积产沙量、单位面积磷流失量急剧增大。雨强是影响水土流失、磷素输出的重要因素,可以很好地拟合水土流失量。径流中磷素输出以颗粒态磷(PP)为主,占总磷(TP)的比例介于75.47%~97.91%之间。降雨引起的耕地径流[0.73 mg·L-1ρ(TP)2.49 mg·L-1]、裸地径流[0.10 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.50 mg·L-1]和经果林径流[0.13 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.46 mg·L-1]磷输出对受纳水体磷的含量有增加的风险,而自然草地径流[0.03 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.09mg·L-1]影响较小。坡面水土流失和磷素输出与降雨过程、土地利用方式关系密切,可以通过优化土地利用结构、减少人为扰动有效防治水土流失,减轻流域面源污染。     

Design of a spatial sampling scheme considering the spatial autocorrelation of crop acreage included in the sampling units

Information on crop acreage is important for formulating national food polices and economic planning.Spatial sampling,a combination of traditional sampling methods and remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS)technology,provides an efficient way to estimate crop acreage at the regional scale.Traditional sampling methods require that the sampling units should be independent of each other,but in practice there is often spatial autocorrelation among crop acreage contained in the sampling units.In this study,using Dehui County in Jilin Province,China,as the study area,we used a thematic crop map derived from Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre(SPOT-5)imagery,cultivated land plots and digital elevation model data to explore the spatial autocorrelation characteristics among maize and rice acreage included in sampling units of different sizes,and analyzed the effects of different stratification criteria on the level of spatial autocorrelation of the two crop acreages within the sampling units.Moran’s I,a global spatial autocorrelation index,was used to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages in this study.The results showed that although the spatial autocorrelation level among maize and rice acreages within the sampling units generally decreased with increasing sampling unit size,there was still a significant spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units(Moran’s I varied from 0.49 to 0.89),irrespective of the sampling unit size.When the sampling unit size was less than3 000 m,the stratification design that used crop planting intensity(CPI)as the stratification criterion,with a stratum number of 5 and a stratum interval of 20%decreased the spatial autocorrelation level to almost zero for the maize and rice area included in sampling units within each stratum.Therefore,the traditional sampling methods can be used to estimate the two crop acreages.Compared with CPI,there was still a strong spatial correlation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units belonging to each stratum when cultivated land fragmentation and ground slope were used as stratification criterion.As far as the selection of stratification criteria and sampling unit size is concerned,this study provides a basis for formulating a reasonable spatial sampling scheme to estimate crop acreage.     

Impacts of natural polymer derivative neutral polysaccharide Jag S and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide Jag C162 on rainfall infiltration on an experimental loess hillslope

ABSTRACT

Developing effective measures to improve soil structure and increase soil infiltration in the Loess Plateau located in arid and semiarid areas is important for soil and water conservation. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to determine the effects of two new natural polymer derivatives, namely neutral polysaccharide (Jag S) and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide (Jag C162), on rainfall infiltration and their underlying mechanisms. The proportions of different sizes of water-stable soil aggregates were analyzed after spraying four different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 g m^?2) of Jag S and Jag C162 under rainfall intensities of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm min^?1 and a slope gradient of 15°. Treatments with Jag S and Jag C162 significantly improved the rainfall infiltration rates (IRs) compared with the control. Moreover, applying 1 and 3 g m^?2 Jag S effectively increased the IRs by 22.81% and 13.69%, respectively. Treatment with Jag C162 also increased the rainfall IRs by 39.47%, 46.59%, and 46.50%. Furthermore, the content of >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates increased from 27.19% to 90.42% before rainfall and from 9% to 50% after rainfall. Compared with Jag C 162, treatment with Jag S was less effective on improving rainfall infiltration and aggregate content. In particularly, application of 5 g m^?2 Jag S improved the soil aggregate content but weakened rainfall infiltration because of the higher viscidity and consistency of the Jag S solution. Overall, spraying appropriate amounts of Jag C162 and Jag S on the loess slope surface can increase the water-stable soil aggregate content, resulting in improved rainfall infiltration and reduced soil erosion. Thus, application of two new natural polymer derivatives is a possible alternative conservation practice in the Loess Plateau.